{"id":964,"date":"2022-01-17T12:33:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-17T11:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/leblog.prismemploi.eu\/?p=964"},"modified":"2022-01-25T15:19:01","modified_gmt":"2022-01-25T14:19:01","slug":"la-classification-des-plateformes-demploi-enjeu-de-regulation-du-marche-du-travail","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leblog.prismemploi.eu\/index.php\/2022\/01\/17\/la-classification-des-plateformes-demploi-enjeu-de-regulation-du-marche-du-travail\/","title":{"rendered":"La classification des plateformes d\u2019emploi, enjeu de r\u00e9gulation du march\u00e9 du travail"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Depuis 2015, on constate le d\u00e9veloppement de plateformes num\u00e9riques d\u2019emploi, dont certaines font le choix de se cr\u00e9er sous le statut d\u2019entreprises de travail temporaire. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parall\u00e8lement, se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es d\u2019autres plateformes qui mettent en relation des micro-entrepreneurs avec des entreprises en recherche de main d\u2019oeuvre. Prism\u2019emploi d\u00e9nonce un contournement de la r\u00e9glementation du travail temporaire d\u2019une part et d\u2019autre part, un d\u00e9voiement du statut de micro-entreprise. En effet, trop souvent, des micro-entrepreneurs interviennent sous la direction et le contr\u00f4le d\u2019une entreprise cliente, dans des conditions de subordination qui rel\u00e8vent du statut de salari\u00e9. La plateforme organisant l\u2019interm\u00e9diation agit en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 comme une agence d\u2019emploi. Elle s\u2019affranchit des cotisations patronales. Seules sont collect\u00e9es les cotisations de la micro-entreprise qui n\u2019assurent pas au micro-entrepreneur un statut social complet et protecteur comme celui du salari\u00e9 int\u00e9rimaire dont il devrait b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Un business model qui repose sur le dumping social<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Le mod\u00e8le des plateformes d\u2019interm\u00e9diation remet en cause les bases de notre mod\u00e8le social. Les plateformes d\u00e9gagent leurs b\u00e9n\u00e9fices au d\u00e9triment de la collectivit\u00e9, puisqu\u2019elles font peser sur la solidarit\u00e9 nationale les co\u00fbts des accidents du travail notamment. Ce mod\u00e8le socialement moins-disant prive ainsi la collectivit\u00e9 des cotisations sociales et des imp\u00f4ts qui financent les r\u00e9gimes de protection sociale\u202f: maladie, accidents du travail, assurance-ch\u00f4mage et vieillesse et exposent des personnes \u00e0 des risques mal couverts dans l\u2019exercice de leur activit\u00e9 professionnelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
De quels emplois s\u2019agit-il ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Cette \u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique cr\u00e9e-t-elle des emplois et si oui, de quels types ? Ces emplois auraient-ils exist\u00e9s sans le recours au statut de micro-entrepreneur impos\u00e9 par les plateformes ? Avec la crise sanitaire, l’essor des services de livraison ont suscit\u00e9 une prise de conscience collective des conditions de travail et de r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration des travailleurs des plateformes. Au-del\u00e0 des livreurs \u00e0 v\u00e9lo des m\u00e9tropoles et des chauffeurs VTC, tous les secteurs \u00e9conomiques ont progressivement recours \u00e0 ces pratiques : la restauration, la logistique, le commerce et la distribution, le BTP, le service \u00e0 la personne\u2026 souvent pour des postes \u00e0 faible qualification, int\u00e9gr\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on \u00e9troite et permanente \u00e0 une communaut\u00e9 de travail (planning et pointage, supervision, uniforme de travail, process \u2026). En France, suite au rapport Frouin publi\u00e9 en d\u00e9cembre 2020, la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019organiser un dialogue social pour renforcer la protection des travailleurs des plateformes de mobilit\u00e9 a conduit le gouvernement \u00e0 mettre en place l\u2019ARPE, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 des relations sociales des plateformes d\u2019emploi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Une r\u00e9glementation europ\u00e9enne<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Le projet de directive europ\u00e9enne pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 le 9 d\u00e9cembre 2021 apporte des pistes de r\u00e9flexion. En effet, le texte pose le principe de la pr\u00e9somption de salariat et rappelle le cadre juridique du travail int\u00e9rimaire dans son expos\u00e9 des motifs : \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9tant donn\u00e9 la relation contractuelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement triangulaire dans le contexte du travail via une plateforme, cette directive [la directive sur le travail int\u00e9rimaire] peut \u00eatre pertinente en la mati\u00e8re. Selon son mod\u00e8le commercial et selon que ses clients sont des particuliers ou des entreprises, une plateforme de travail num\u00e9rique pourrait \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une entreprise de travail int\u00e9rimaire qui met ses travailleurs \u00e0 la disposition d\u2019entreprises utilisatrices\u00a0\u00bb. Ce projet de directive pose les bases d\u2019une classification des plateformes num\u00e9riques par secteur d\u2019activit\u00e9, contribuant \u00e0 la r\u00e9gulation de ces places de march\u00e9. Prism\u2019emploi LeBlog, donne la parole \u00e0 Gr\u00e9goire Loiseau, Professeur de droit social \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paris I \u2013 Panth\u00e9on Sorbonne, qui apporte son \u00e9clairage sur ce projet de directive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Depuis 2015, on constate le d\u00e9veloppement de plateformes num\u00e9riques d\u2019emploi, dont certaines font le choix de se cr\u00e9er sous le statut d\u2019entreprises de travail temporaire. Parall\u00e8lement, se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es d\u2019autres plateformes qui mettent en relation des micro-entrepreneurs avec des entreprises en recherche de main d\u2019oeuvre. Prism\u2019emploi d\u00e9nonce un contournement de la r\u00e9glementation du travail temporaire […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":966,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[53],"class_list":{"0":"post-964","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-mutations","8":"tag-decryptage"},"yoast_head":"\n
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